Compound degraded:Endosulfan

General Description (About POP compound)

Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide) is an organochlorine biocide used for controlling pests and mites by generating neurotoxic effects (i.e., hyperstimulation). It is used in the control of sucking, chewing and boring insects and mites on a very wide range of crops, including fruit (including citrus), vines, olives, vegetables, etc. It was also used to control tsetse flies.

Biodegradation pathway

Publications

Abstract Title Authors Article Link
Endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate are persistent in environments and are considered toxic. We investigate the possible nontoxic bioremediation of endosulfan. An endosulfandegrading fungus that does not produce endosulfan sulfate was selected from eight species of white-rot fungi. High degradation of endosulfan and low accumulation of endosulfan sulfate were found in cultures of Trametes hirsuta. A degradation experiment using endosulfan sulfate as the substrate revealed that T. hirsuta is able to further degrade endosulfan sulfate following the oxidative conversion of endosulfan to endosulfan sulfate. Endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate were converted to several metabolites via hydrolytic pathways. In addition, endosulfan dimethylene, previously reported as a metabolite of the soil bacterium Arthrobacter sp., was detected in T. hirsuta culture containing endosulfan sulfate. Our results suggest that T. hirsuta has multiple pathways for the degradation of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate and thus has great potential for use as a biocatalyst in endosulfan bioremediation. Degradation of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate by white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta Kamei et al., 2011 Link
Endosulfan, a chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide, is of environmental concern because of its apparent persistence and toxicity to many non-target organisms. The fungus, Mucor thermo-hyalospora MTCC1384 was found to bring about transformation of endosulfan molecules. The identification of endosulfan metabolites by thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography using electron capture detector, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and infrared spectra revealed the formation of a major non-toxic metabolite, endosulfan diol and also production of insignificant amount of endosulfan sulfate. This indicates that the fungus is involved in both oxidative and hydrolytic pathways for degradation of this compound. Biodegradation of cyclodiene insecticide endosulfan by Mucor thermohyalospora MTCC 1384 Shetty et al., 2000 Link
Microbial degradation offers an efficient and ecofriendly approach to remove toxicants from the contaminated environments. Botryosphaeria laricina JAS6 and Aspergillus tamarii JAS9 were capable of degrading endosulfan and their metabolites which were isolated through enrichment technique. Both the strains were able to withstand an exposure of 1300 mg/L and showed luxuriant growth at 1000 mg/L of endosulfan. The change in pH in the culture broth was from 6.8 to 3.4 and 3.8 during growth kinetic studies of JAS6 and JAS9 strains, respectively upon biological degradation of endosulfan. The degradation of endosulfan by JAS6 and JAS9 strains were examined by HPLC. The biodegradation rate constant (k) and the initial concentration were reduced by 50% (DT50) which was determined by first and pseudo first order kinetic models. In the present investigation it has been revealed that Botryosphaeria laricina JAS6 and Aspergillus tamarii JAS9 possessing endosulfan degrading capability are being reported for the first time. These findings confirm the degradation of endosulfan by JAS6 and JAS9 strains which were accompanied by significant reduction in the toxicity and could be used as remedial measure in contaminated environments. Mycoremediation of Endosulfan and Its Metabolites in Aqueous Medium and Soil by Botryosphaeria laricina JAS6 and Aspergillus tamarii JAS9 Silambarasan and Abraham. 2013 Link
An aerobic dieldrin-degrading fungus, Mucor racemosus strain DDF, and two aerobic endosulfan-degrading fungal strains, Mortierella sp. strains W8 and Cm1-45, were isolated from soil contaminated with organochlorine pesticides. Strain DDF degraded more than 90% dieldrin during 10-days of incubation at 25°C and showed the production of a small amount of aldrin trans-diol. Moreover, strain DDF reduced levels of aldrin trans-diol while producing unknown metabolites that were determined to be aldrin trans-diol exo- and endo-phosphates. On the other hand, Mortierella sp. strains W8 and Cm1-45 degraded more than 70% and 50% of ? and ?-endosulfan, respectively, over 28 days at 25°C, in liquid cultures containing initial concentrations of 8.2?µM of each substance. Only a small amount of endosulfan sulfate, a persistent metabolite, was detected in the both cultures, while these strains could not degrade endosulfan sulfate when this compound was provided as the initial substrate. Both strains generate endosulfan diol as a first step in the degradation of endosulfan, then undergo further conversion to endosulfan lactone. Biodegradability and biodegradation pathways of chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides by soil fungi Kataoka. 2018 Link
The biodegradation of endosulfan and the metabolites formed were studied using fungi both in broth culture as well as in soil microcosm. Fungal strains were isolated from soil and grown in broth Czapek-dox medium. The strain which utilized endosulfan and showed maximum growth was selected for detailed studies. Maximum degrading capability in shake flask culture was shown by Aspergillus sydoni which degraded 95% of endosulfan ? and 97% of endosulfan ? in 18 d of incubation. Soil microcosm study was also carried out using this strain in six different treatments. Endosulfan sulfate was the main metabolite formed along with small quantity of endosulfan ether and endosulfan lactone both in broth culture and soil microcosm. This isolated fungal strain will be a potential source for endosulfan degrading enzymes and can be used for bioremediation at the contaminated sites. Biodegradation of ? and ? endosulfan by Aspergillus sydoni Goswami et al., 2009 Link
Bacterial strains were isolated from endosulfan treated soil to study the microbial degradation of this pesticide in broth medium and soil microcosm. The isolates were grown in minimal medium and screened for endosulfan degradation. The strain, which utilized endosulfan and showed maximum growth, was selected for detail studies. Maximum degrading capability in shake flask culture was shown by Bordetella sp. B9 which degraded 80% of ? endosulfan and 86% of ? endosulfan in 18 days. Soil microcosm study was also carried out using this strain in six different treatments. Endosulfan ether and endosulfan lactone were the main metabolites in broth culture, while in soil microcosm endosulfan sulfate was also found along with endosulfan ether and endosulfan lactone. This bacterial strain has a potential to be used for bioremediation of the contaminated sites. Biodegradation of ? and ? endosulfan in broth medium and soil microcosm by bacterial strain Bordetella sp. B9 Goswami et al., 2008 Link
Among the three mixed bacterial culture AE, BE, and CE, developed by enrichment technique with endosulfan as sole carbon source, consortium CE was found to be the most efficient with 72% and 87% degradation of ?-endosulfan and ?-endosulfan, respectively, in 20 days. In soil microcosm, consortium AE, BE and CE degraded ?-endosulfan by 57%, 88% and 91%, respectively, whereas ?-endosulfan was degraded by 4%, 60% and 67% after 30 days. Ochrobacterum sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Burkholderia sp., isolated and identified on the basis of 16s rDNA gene sequence, individually showed in situ biodegradation of ?-endosulfan in contaminated soil microcosm by 61, 73, and 74, respectively, whereas degradation of ?-endosulfan was 63, 75, and 62, respectively, after 6 weeks of incubation over the control which showed 26% and 23 % degradation of ?-endosulfan and ?-endosulfan, respectively. Population survival of Ochrobacterum sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Burkholderia sp., by plate count on Luria Broth with carbenicillin showed 75–88% survival of these isolates as compared to 36–48% of survival obtained from PCR fingerprinting. Arthrobacter sp. oxidized endosulfan to endosulfan sulfate which was further metabolized but no known metabolite of endosulfan sulfate was detected. Biodegradation and bioremediation of endosulfan contaminated soil Kumar et al., 2008 Link
Nine endosulfan degrading bacterial strains were isolated by soil enrichment with endosulfan. Bacterial strain M3 was the most efficient degrader. Endosulfan degradation was accompanied by a decrease in pH of the medium and an increase in chloride ion concentration. The bacterium was tested for its ability to degrade endosulfan at different concentrations in broth and soil. Maximum degradation occurred at concentrations of 50 ?g/ml of broth and 100 ?g/g of soil. Values of Ks and Vmax were different for (?)- and (?)-endosulfan in broth. The kinetic indices (Vmax/Ks) for ?-endosulfan and ?-endosulfan were 0.051 and 0.048 day?1 respectively, indicating that (?)-endosulfan was more rapidly degraded. Bacterial strain M3 was identified as Klebsiella sp. M3 on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence similarity (GenBank accession number JX273762). Biodegradation of Endosulfan in Broth Medium and in Soil Microcosm by Klebsiella sp. M3 Singh and Singh. 2013 Link
Large quantities of pesticides are applied on crops to protect them from pests in modern agricultural practices around the globe. The two insecticides, chlorpyrifos, belonging to the organophosphorous group and endosulfan, belonging to the organochlorine group, are vastly used insecticides on agricultural crops in the last three decades. Hence, both these insecticides are ubiquitous in the environment. Once applied, these two insecticides undergo transformation in the environment either biologically or non-biologically. Microbial degradation has been considered a safe and cost-effective method for removing contaminants from the environment. Both the insecticides have been subjected to biodegradation studies using various bacteria and fungi by the researchers. Here, in this review, we report on biotransformed products formed during the course of biodegradation of these two insecticides and also discuss about the aftereffects of their transformed metabolites. This is important, because the primary biotransformed metabolites 3,5,6, trichloro-2-pyridinol of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan sulfate of endosulfan are toxic as their parent compounds and are noxious to variety of organisms. In conclusion, it is recommended to obtain microbial cultures capable of mineralizing pesticides completely without formation of any such toxic by-product before adopting bioremediation or bioaugmentation technology. Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan by bacteria and fungi Supreeth and Raju. 2017 Link
Endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate are persistent organic pollutants that cause serious environmental problems. Although these compounds are already prohibited in many countries, residues can be detected in soils with a history of endosulfan application. Endosulfan is transformed in the environment into endosulfan sulfate, which is a toxic and persistent metabolite. However, some microorganisms can degrade endosulfan without producing endosulfan sulfate, and some can degrade endosulfan sulfate. Therefore, biodegradation has the potential to clean up soil contaminated with endosulfan. In this review, we provide an overview of aerobic endosulfan degradation by bacteria and fungi, and a summary of recent advances and prospects in this research field. Biodegradability and biodegradation pathways of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate Kataoka and Takagi. 2013 Link