Compound degraded:Endrin
General Description (About POP compound)
Endrin is the common name of one member of the cyclodiene group of pesticides. It is a cyclic hydrocarbon having a chlorine-substituted, methano-bridge structure. Endrin is a white, crystalline solid. Commercial products may be in liquid forms: emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, etc. It is foliar insecticide used mainly prevent the growth of insects on crops such as rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and maize. It has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles.
Biodegradation pathway
Publications
| Abstract | Title | Authors | Article Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Endrin is persistent organic pollutants that contaminate soil in many parts of the world. In this study, endrin was used as the substrate for a degradation experiment with the white rot fungi of the genus Phlebia. The results of tolerance test showed that the tolerance level of Phlebia acanthocystis and Phlebia brevispora to endrin was higher than that of other fungi, and the tolerance coefficient of both strains to 1.0?mg/L endrin exceeded 0.9 in solid PDA medium. P. acanthocystis and P. brevispora could degrade endrin efficiently in pure culture, especially P. acanthocystis had the highest degradability of more than 80% after 20?d incubation. Compared with low-nitrogen medium, PDB medium is more suitable for the biodegradability of two fungi. Several hydroxylated products such as 8-hydroxyendrin and two monohydroxyendrin were detected, indicating that endrin was initially branched to different monohydroxylated products in fungal degradation. Moreover, a carboxylic acid product was obtained from P. acanthocystis culture, suggesting that the carboxylation reaction occurred in bioconversion of endrin. The fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes play significant role in the in the initial hydroxylation process on endrin degradation. This is the first report that endrin is converted to hydroxylated and carboxylated metabolites by microorganisms. | Biodegradation and bioconversion of endrin by white rot fungi, Phlebia acanthocystis and Phlebia brevispora | Xiao and Kondo. 2019 | Link |
| About 150 isolates from various soil samples were screened to investigate the role of these microorganisms in degrading endrin. Of the total cultures tested, 25 were active in degrading endrin. At least seven metabolites of endrin have been isolated from the mass culture of Pseudomonas sp. (f103). The metabolites 111, IV, and V were the major ones, while metabolites I1 and VI were minor. The con- version of endrin into metabolite IV (ketoendrin) was common throughout. | Metabolism of endrin by certain soil microorganisms | Matsumura et al., 1971 | Link |
| This report describes the selective isolation of dieldrin- and endrin-degrading bacteria from soil with high degradation activity toward dieldrin and endrin. Several enrichment cultures from the soil were arranged with several structural analogs of dieldrin and endrin as a growth substrate and examined for their degradation activities toward dieldrin and endrin. An enrichment culture with 1,2-epoxycyclohexane (ECH) was found to aerobically degrade dieldrin and endrin. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) indicated that three types of bacteria were predominant in the ECH enrichment culture. Of the three major bacteria, two isolates, Burkholderia sp. strain MED-7 and Cupriavidus sp. strain MED-5, showed high degradation activity toward dieldrin and endrin. The degradation efficiencies of strain MED-7 and MED-5 were 49% and 38% toward dieldrin, respectively, and 51% and 40% toward endrin, respectively, in the presence of ECH for 14 days. These results indicated that ECH was a useful substrate for selective and efficient isolation of dieldrin- and endrin-degrading bacteria from soil containing numerous bacteria. Interestingly, the two isolates could also degrade dieldrin and endrin even in the absence of ECH. These are the first microorganisms demonstrated to grow on dieldrin and endrin as the sole carbon and energy source under aerobic conditions. | ENDRIN | World Health Organization. 1992 | Link |
| Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic (carbon-based) compounds that include synthesized substances (pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) and other by-product substances generated as a result of human and natural activity (dioxins and furans). Extensive scientific studies have shown that POPs are some of the most dangerous pollutants released into the environment by humans. Great efforts have been made since the early 1960s to enhance chemical management and safety issues. Various conventions have been adopted for this purpose: the Stockholm Convention (SC) is one of the well-known meetings in this context. The SC on POPs (May 2001) focuses on reducing and eliminating releases of 12 POPs coined the 'Dirty Dozen' by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Persistence of such chemicals in soils, air, and water, together with natural processes such as evaporation to the atmosphere and washout by rain and flood, give rise to their ubiquitous distribution in the environment and eventual penetration into food chains and bio-accumulation in humans. Public concern about contamination by POPs increased recently because several of these compounds are identified as hormone disruptors, which can alter normal function of endocrine and reproductive systems in humans and wildlife. African countries are using pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, toxaphene, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, since more than 50 years for combating agricultural pests and controlling disease vectors, especially malaria. The way in which pesticides are used in Africa caused serious environmental and health problems much more than elsewhere. These problems are represented by accumulation of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in different environmental samples and hosting of at least 50,000 tons of obsolete pesticides, as well as tens of thousands of tons of contaminated soil. Within the framework of the Africa Stockpiles Program (ASP), huge quantities of pesticidal POPs have been completely or partially destroyed in a number of African countries (e.g. Egypt, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia). At regional level (i.e. African Countries), a strategic plan for monitoring and getting rid of POPs in the continent should be set up and implemented through coordination between all governments. Among issues of top priorities are to find alternative non-combustion technologies for disposing obsolete pesticides, and to use alternative control measures for mosquitoes' management and other vector-borne diseases. | Isolation of dieldrin- and endrin-degrading bacteria using 1,2-epoxycyclohexane as a structural analog of both compounds | Matsumoto et al., 2008 | Link |
| Two endrin degradation products and a heptachlor degradation product, in addition to heptachlor epoxide, were extracted from soybean plants grown in soil treated with 14C-endrin or 14C-heptachlor. One endrin product was identified as 1,8,9,9,10,11-hexachloropentacyclo[6.3.0.12,5.03?7.06,10]dodecan-12-one (endrin delta ketone); the second endrin product was identified as 1,8,9,9,10,11-hexachlorohexacyclo-[6.3.0.12?5.03,7.06,10.011,12]dodecan-12-ol (endrin alcohol); and the heptachlor product was identified as l,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-2,3-6,5-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02?6]deca-4,8-diene-exo-3-ol (hydroxychlordene). Identifications were by multiple GLC and TLC techniques. | Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Africa: Egyptian scenario | Mansour. 2009 | Link |