| Compound Name |
Toxaphene |
| Stockholm Annex code | I, IV |
| Key |
Annex I to the regulation are subject to prohibition (with specific exemptions) on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex II to the regulation are subject to restriction on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex III to the regulation are subject to release reduction provisions; and Annex IV to the regulation are subject to waste management provisions. Note that for some substances listed in Annex I, specific exemptions on the prohibition of their use, manufacturing and placing on the market may apply. |
| Classification |
Intentional |
| Category |
Listed under Annex A |
| Year of Listing Decision |
2001 |
| Persistence |
Its half life in soil ranges between 1 to 14 years |
| Specific exemptions associated with its use |
Still in use in some countries but it isseverely restricted in its use |
| Acceptable purposes associated with its use |
It was used as an insecticide to protect crops and cotton from insects |
| Conventions on POPs |
Stockholm Convention Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Rotterdam Convention Basel Convention |
| Name |
Toxaphene |
| Synonyms |
Toxaphene 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Camphechlor Polychlorocamphene Camphene, octachloro- Alltox Kamfochlor Polychloro-2,2-dimethyl-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane CAS-8001-35-2 1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloro-6,6-bis(chloromethyl)-5-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane |
| Structure | Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)(CCl)CCl.png)
Molecular Formula:
C10H10Cl8
|
| CAS Number | 8001-35-2 |
| European Community (EC) Number | 232-283-3 |
| European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | 232-283-3 |
| PubChem ID | 5284469 |
| DSSTOX Substance ID | DTXSID7021368 |
| KEGG | C15470 |
| ChemSpider |
66611 4447533 4525304 28296022 21782143 |
| Similarity threshold | Name of Related Compound | DSSTox Substance ID | CAS Number | Molecular weight | Molecular formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A | Octachlorocyclopentene | DTXSID5061037 | 706-78-5 | 343.7 g/mol | C5Cl8 |
| N/A | Chlorbicyclen | DTXSID6041767 | 2550-75-6 | 397.8 g/mol | C9H6Cl8 |
| N/A | 1,2,3,4,7,7-Hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene | DTXSID00875710 | 3389-71-7 | 298.8 g/mol | C7H2Cl6 |
| N/A | Chlordene | DTXSID2027545 | 3734-48-3 | 338.9 g/mol | C10H6Cl6 |
| N/A | 1,2,3,4,7,7-Hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene | DTXSID50944642 | 22039-38-9 | 300.8 g/mol | C7H4Cl6 |
| N/A | Heptachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene | N/A | N/A | 335.3 g/mol | C7H3Cl7 |
| N/A | Sonatox | N/A | N/A | 379.4 g/mol | C10H11Cl7 |
| N/A | Toxaphene toxicant C | N/A | N/A | 448.2 g/mol | C10H9Cl9 |
| N/A | Camphechlor | DTXSID7021368 | 8001-35-2 | 413.8 g/mol | C10H10Cl8 |
| N/A | Octachlorocamphene | DTXSID70858934 | 1319-80-8 | 411.8 g/mol | C10H8Cl8 |
| Description | Reference | Article Link |
|---|---|---|
| Camphechlor (also known as toxaphene) is a nonsystemic insecticide and was used on crops and animals. It has been the most heavily applied pesticide in many parts of the world and replaced DDT in the early 1970s. The use of camphechlor is now phased out in most countries. Technical camphechlor mixtures show a complex composition, with at least 202 different compounds identified. Because of its persistence and chemical properties, it is widely distributed. Environmental biotransformation and accumulation in the aquatic environment has led to relatively high levels of certain camphechlor congeners in fish, marine mammals, and sea birds while other congeners are rapidly degraded. | Berntssen et al., 2012. Contamination of finfish with persistent organic pollutants and metals | Link |
| Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and 1970s. Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid. Toxaphene was banned in the United States in 1990 and was banned globally by the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. It is a very persistent chemical that can remain in the environment for 1–14 years without degrading, particularly in the soil. | Wikipedia: Toxaphene. Acccessed on 13 October 2020 | Link |
| Toxaphene is an organochlorine insecticide that is similar to other compounds such as endrin, dieldrin, aldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, and chlordecone. Manufacturing of toxaphene was started in the 1940s and was highly effective on cotton and certain food crops. In addition to its use as an insecticide, toxaphene was also used to eliminate certain species of fish in aquatic environments. Toxaphene itself consists of a mixture of hundreds of different chemicals with a major identified toxic component being heptachlorobornane. The use of toxaphene peaked in 1974 after DDT was banned in 1972 with nearly 400 000 metric tons being distributed into the environment (both land and aquatic uses). This use began to subside, yet nearly 100 000 metric tons was still used in 1980 shortly before the complete ban on toxaphene usage. Large quantities of toxaphene were released into the environment. The overall chlorine content of toxaphene is nearly 70% by weight with most of the organic compounds comprising toxaphene being chlorinated. The molecular weight of the various components of toxaphene can range from 308 to 551 g mol per litre. The mean formula weight is approximately 414 g mol per litre. Toxaphene can be found as an yellowish-waxy substance that is relatively volatile and can be transported in the atmosphere. If inhaled, especially in larger quantities, toxaphene has been shown to cause significant damage to the lungs/respiratory tract, central nervous system, and kidneys. The use of toxaphene as an insecticide was banned in the early 1980s and completely banned in the United States in 1990. In addition to its ban in North America, toxaphene has been also banned in Europe, yet its use in developing countries still persists. Toxaphene is not readily soluble in water and tends to deposit in the soil and sediment, as well as the atmosphere. Microorganisms in the soil tend to degrade toxaphene very slowly. Toxaphene does not degrade as slowly as DDT but has been demonstrated to persist in the environment for extended and significant periods of time. | Wallace. 2014. Toxaphene. | Link |
| Toxaphene or camphechlor is a complex mixture of polychlorinated bornanes (CHBs) and other camphenes. Historically, it was one of the most heavily used chlorinated pesticides in the world, with the total quantities used estimated in megatonnes, which is comparable to the usage of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (see later). It is no longer used and is classed as one of the so-called Stockholm POPs (POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, initiated in 2001: www.pops.int). Toxaphene has been shown to undergo long-range transport and is recognised as a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Like other organochlorine pesticides, it has also been shown to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. There is little data on toxaphene in animal feed but it is associated with fi sh and seafood products. Although toxicological data is scant, toxaphene is a probable carcinogen and is a known endocrine disruptor. Due to weathering and biotransformation, the residue composition in an animal feed product will not necessarily refl ect the original pesticide mixtures used. | Rose. 2012. Hazardous chemicals as animal feed contaminants and methods for their detection | Link |