| Compound Name |
Heptabromodiphenyl ether |
| Stockholm Annex code | I, IV |
| Key |
Annex I to the regulation are subject to prohibition (with specific exemptions) on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex II to the regulation are subject to restriction on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex III to the regulation are subject to release reduction provisions; and Annex IV to the regulation are subject to waste management provisions. Note that for some substances listed in Annex I, specific exemptions on the prohibition of their use, manufacturing and placing on the market may apply. |
| Classification |
Intentional |
| Category |
A - (Elimination) Parties have put in place measures to eliminate the production and use of the chem |
| Year of Listing Decision |
2009 |
| Persistence |
N/A |
| Specific exemptions associated with its use |
Production: None |
| Acceptable purposes associated with its use |
Use: Articles in accordance with the provisions of Part IV of Annex A |
| Conventions on POPs |
Stockholm Convention Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Rotterdam Convention Basel Convention |
| Name |
Heptabromodiphenyl ether |
| Synonyms |
2,2',3,3',4,5,6-Heptabromodiphenyl ether 68928-80-3 Heptabromodiphenyl oxide heptabromobiphenyl ether 1,2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-(2,3-dibromophenoxy)benzene PBDE 173 Diphenyl ether, heptabromo derivative Benzene, 1,1'-oxybis-, heptabromo deriv. |
| Structure | Br)Br)OC2=C(C(=C(C(=C2Br)Br)Br)Br)Br.png)
Molecular Formula:
C12H3Br7O
|
| CAS Number | 68928-80-3 |
| European Community (EC) Number | 273-031-2 |
| European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | 273-031-2 |
| PubChem ID | 3034400 |
| DSSTOX Substance ID | DTXSID2071867 |
| KEGG | C18139 |
| ChemSpider |
2298869 |
| Similarity threshold | Name of Related Compound | DSSTox Substance ID | CAS Number | Molecular weight | Molecular formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Markush Child | Diphenyl ether, hexabromo derivative | DTXSID6024129 | 36483-60-0 | N/A g/mol | N/A |
| Markush Child | Decabromodiphenyl oxide | DTXSID4020377 | NOCAS_20377 | N/A g/mol | N/A |
| Markush Child | 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-Octabromodiphenyl ether | N/A | N/A | N/A g/mol | N/A |
| Markush Child | Brominated diphenyl ethers | DTXSID70107595 | 90193-67-2 | N/A g/mol | N/A |
| Description | Reference | Article Link |
|---|---|---|
| Polybrominated diphenyl ether, PBDE, flame retardants are now a world-wide pollution problem reaching even remote areas. They have been found to bioaccumulate and there are concerns over the health effects of exposure to PBDEs, they also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. They are lipophilic compounds so are easily removed from the aqueous environment and are predicted to sorb onto sediments and particulate matter or to fatty tissue, aiding their distribution throughout the environment. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and DDT and, therefore, their chemical properties, persistence and distribution in the environment follow similar patterns. Concentrations of PBDEs found in environmental samples are now higher than those of PCBs. Evidence to date demonstrates that PBDEs are a growing problem in the environment and concern over their fate and effects is warranted. The manufacture of reactive and additive flame retardants is briefly discussed and their fate and behaviour in the environment is assessed. PBDE toxicology is reviewed and methods of analysis are evaluated. | Rahman et al., 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. | Link |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a major family of brominated flame retardants, which have been widely used in commercial applications such as electrical and electronic products, textiles, foams and furniture. There are three commercial mixtures of PBDEs, penta-BDE, octa-BDE and deca-BDE, which are named based on the average bromination degree of each mixture. The European Union (EU) has banned all use of penta-BDE and octa-BDE in the EU market and similarly the United States ceased production of these compounds in 2005. Although deca-BDE is being phased out in Europe and has been banned in certain applications in the States of Washington and Maine, USA, it is still widely used around the world, especially in China, where the domestic demand for PBDE has increased at an annual rate of 8%. PBDEs are lipophilic, persistent and bio-accumulative in nature. Numerous studies have demonstrated that PBDEs have wide adverse effects in experimental animals including liver toxicity, renal toxicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine disrupting activity, reproductive toxicity and developmental neurotoxicity. Over the last 30 years, there has been a marked increase of PBDE levels in environmental media and human tissue, thus posing a significant public health threat. | Wang et al., 2012. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human serum from Southeast China. | Link |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants that are widely used in numerous consumer products, such as electronic products, polyurethane foams, textiles, and plastics. Three major PBDE commercial mixtures had been produced: commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether (PeBDE, which was a mixture of penta-BDE, tetra-BDE and hexa-BDE), commercial octabromodiphenyl ether (OcBDE, which contains hexa-BDE, octa-BDE and hepta-BDE, and small amounts of penta-BDE, nona-BDE and deca-BDE), and commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (DeBDE, which was almost entirely deca-BDE with a small amount of nona-BDE). Because of the persistence and bioaccumulation in organisms and human bodies, commercial production of PeBDE and OcBDE was phased-out between 2004 and 2010 worldwide, and DeBDE is now phased-out in Canada and the USA since 2013 according to a previous study. | Zhu et al., 2015. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor dust in China: Levels, spatial distribution and human exposure. | Link |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of industrial aromatic organobromine chemicals that have been used since the 1970s as additive flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products and articles. PBDEs are commercially produced in three forms: pentaBDE, octaBDE, and decaBDE. Because of their outstanding flame-retardant properties, good thermal stability, and low price, the global demand for PBDEs has been growing rapidly in recent years. Lately, however, environmental concerns have been raised about the adverse characteristics of PBDEs: persistence, bioaccumulation, and the potential for long-range environmental drift. PBDE congeners, commercial pentaBDE (c-pentaBDE) and commercial octaBDE (c-octaBDE), are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and their toxicity has been confirmed by many organizations and researchers. Extensive research has been focused on abiotic samples including air ; sewage sludge and biological sample such as chickens, fish, mammals, and even humans. The manufacture, use, and disposal of articles containing PBDEs are the major sources of PBDEs in the environment. Although some research has been conducted on PBDEs emitted from the manufacture and disposal sector, little attention has been paid to the health and environmental influence of commonly used articles containing PBDEs. According to previous literatures, PBDEs lack binding sites on these products, so that they are not chemically bonded to the host material, and thus are classified as additives. Consequently, they can be released during the product life cycle and disposal process, leading to the possibility of extended or pronounced exposure from products used in daily life, such as elastomers, wires and cables, flexible foams for domestic furniture and automotive applications, electronic housings, and components. It should be noted that degradation of PBDEs can yield by-products of lower brominated congeners, which are regarded as more dangerous because they are more toxic and bioaccumulate more readily. | Jinhui et al., 2015. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in articles: a review of its applications and legislation. | Link |