| Compound Name |
Polychlorinated naphthalenes |
| Stockholm Annex code | I,IV |
| Key |
Annex I to the regulation are subject to prohibition (with specific exemptions) on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex II to the regulation are subject to restriction on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex III to the regulation are subject to release reduction provisions; and Annex IV to the regulation are subject to waste management provisions. Note that for some substances listed in Annex I, specific exemptions on the prohibition of their use, manufacturing and placing on the market may apply. |
| Classification |
Intentional and also unintentional production |
| Category |
Listed under Annex A and C with specific exemptions for use in the production of polyfluorinated nap |
| Year of Listing Decision |
2015 |
| Persistence |
N/A |
| Specific exemptions associated with its use |
Production: Only for its associated use |
| Acceptable purposes associated with its use |
Use: Production of polyfluorinated naphthalenes, including octafluoronaphthalene for insulating coatings for electrical wires Also has been used as rubber and plastic additives Also has been used as a capacitor dielectrics |
| Conventions on POPs |
Stockholm Convention Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Rotterdam Convention Basel Convention |
| Name |
Polychlorinated naphthalenes |
| Synonyms |
Chlorinated naphthalenes Polychloronaphthalene 70776-03-3 EINECS 274-864-4 Naphthalene, chloro derivs. |
| Structure |
Molecular Formula:
Unspecified
|
| CAS Number | 70776-03-3 |
| European Community (EC) Number | 274-864-4 |
| European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | 274-864-4 |
| PubChem ID | 135351594 |
| DSSTOX Substance ID | DTXSID60103485 |
| KEGG | N/A |
| ChemSpider |
N/A |
| Similarity threshold | Name of Related Compound | DSSTox Substance ID | CAS Number | Molecular weight | Molecular formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A | Naphthalene, chloro derivs. | N/A | N/A | N/A g/mol | N/A |
| Description | Reference | Article Link |
|---|---|---|
| Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a group of environmental contaminants comprised of 75 congeners based on the number and position of chlorine in naphthalene ring system. They were previously widely used in industrial applications, such as cable insulation, wood preservation, engine oil additives, electroplating masking compounds, dye carriers, capacitors and refracting index testing oils in 20th. Commercial products include Basileum, N-oil, N-wax, Perna wax, Nibren waxes, Halowax, Seekay waxes, Woskol, Cerifal materials, Clonacire waxes and other technical CN formulations. Some of the PCN congeners exhibit dioxin-like effects to mammalian animals. Due to their accumulation in organisms, the toxicity could be enhanced. PCNs can be released into the environment from various pathways. Although the production and usage of technical PCN formulations has declined since early 1980s, products containing these formulations are still present in the environment. In addition to the release from historical usage of technical formulations, PCNs are also leaked out from impurities of technical PCB preparations and from unlawfully usage in recent years. Despite of the phasing out of technical CN formulations, PCNs were detected in sites near chemical industries, such as Chlor-Alkali plants, petrochemical industries, metal refineries, municipal waste incineration plant, and etc. Researches have also shown that PCNs can be unintentionally formed and released through thermal processes such as municipal waste incineration and nonferrous metallurgy process. A latest study reported that secondary nonferrous metallurgical facilities in China are a bigger contributor than waste combustion of PCNs at present. | Pan et al. 2011. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China | Link |
| Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs; CNs) form a complex mixture of up to 75 congeners containing from one to eight chlorine atoms per naphthalene molecule. Chloronaphthalenes are widespread global environmental pollutants which accumulate in biota. All chloronaphthalenes are planar compounds and can contribute to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-mediated mechanism of toxicity with a combination of various 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin like toxic responses. There are three known main sources of environmental pollution with PCNs: technical PCN formulations, technical polychlorinated biphenyl formulations, and thermal and other processes in the presence of chlorine. | Falandysz, 1998. Polychlorinated naphthalenes: an environmental update | Link |
| Polychlorimted naphthalenes (PCNs) are a group of 75 compounds which have physical and chemical properties such as melting point, volatility, water solubility, octanol water partition coefficients and bioconcentration factors, favouring their environmemal persistency and bioaccumulation. These products have properties and uses similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCN formulations have been used in industry as dielectric fluids in capacitors, transformers and cables. Some of the PCN congeners exhibit similar toxic properties such as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), i.e., 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) enzyme induction; toxic equivalence factors (TEF) have been reported for some of the PCN isomers. | Eljarrat et al., 1999. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments from the Venice and Orbetello Lagoons, Italy. | Link |
| Although polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have been known for about 170 years and have been commercially produced and used for about 100 years, the knowledge about their formation, sources, occurrence, fate and effects is still limited. However, within the last years, they gained increasing concern in environmental chemistry as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (Paasivirta, 1998). PCNs are long known to exhibit severe toxic effects similar to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and coplanar PCBs including chloracne, hepatic jaundice, cancer and death. There are numerous cases of severe intoxication of workers caused by occupational exposure to PCNs. The toxicity of PCN mixtures are ascribed mainly to penta- to heptachlorinated naphthalenes, which have been shown experimentally to exhibit dioxin-like effects on a mammalian liver cell line. The hazard due to PCNs is enhanced by their potency to bioaccumulate. | Brack et al., 2003. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments from the industrial region of Bitterfeld. | Link |