| Compound Name |
Decabromodiphenyl ether |
| Stockholm Annex code | I, IV |
| Key |
Annex I to the regulation are subject to prohibition (with specific exemptions) on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex II to the regulation are subject to restriction on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex III to the regulation are subject to release reduction provisions; and Annex IV to the regulation are subject to waste management provisions. Note that for some substances listed in Annex I, specific exemptions on the prohibition of their use, manufacturing and placing on the market may apply. |
| Classification |
Intentional production |
| Category |
Listed under Annex A (decision SC-8/10) |
| Year of Listing Decision |
2017 |
| Persistence |
Workers occupationally exposed to decaBDE have shown half-lives around 15 days (Thuresson et al., 2006), which is considerably shorter than those of other lower brominated BDE congeners |
| Specific exemptions associated with its use |
Production: As allowed for the parties listed in the Register |
| Acceptable purposes associated with its use |
Use: Vehicles, aircraft, textile, additives in plastic housings, etc., polyurethane foam for building insulation, in accordance with Part IX of Annex A DecaBDE has been used as an additive flame retardant, |
| Conventions on POPs |
Stockholm Convention Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Rotterdam Convention Basel Convention |
| Name |
Decabromodiphenyl ether |
| Synonyms |
1,1'-Oxybis[2,3,4,5,6-pentabromobenzene] (Commercial mixture, c-DecaBDE) Decabromodiphenyl oxide 1,2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-(pentabromophenoxy)benzene Benzene, 1,1'-oxybis[2,3,4,5,6-pentabromo- 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6' decabromodiphenylether Decabromodiphenyl oxide) 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209 Pentabromophenyl ether BDE-209 1,1'-Oxybis(pentabromobenzene Ether, bis(pentabromophenyl) DE-83R |
| Structure | Br)Br)Br)Br)OC2=C(C(=C(C(=C2Br)Br)Br)Br)Br.png)
Molecular Formula:
C12Br10O
|
| CAS Number | 1163-19-5 |
| European Community (EC) Number | 214-604-9 |
| European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | 214-604-9 |
| PubChem ID | 14410 |
| DSSTOX Substance ID | DTXSID9020376 |
| KEGG | N/A |
| ChemSpider |
13764 |
| Similarity threshold | Name of Related Compound | DSSTox Substance ID | CAS Number | Molecular weight | Molecular formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | BDE-21 | DTXSID20879856 | 337513-67-4 | 406 g/mol | C12H7Br3O |
| 1.0 | BDE-23 | DTXSID40879858 | 446254-16-6 | 406 g/mol | C12H7Br3O |
| 1.0 | BDE-24 | DTXSID00879859 | 218304-36-0 | 406 g/mol | C12H7Br3O |
| 1.0 | BDE-29 | DTXSID10879860 | 337513-56-1 | 406 g/mol | C12H7Br3O |
| 1.0 | 2,3',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether | DTXSID9052688 | 189084-61-5 | 485 g/mol | C12H6Br4O |
| 1.0 | 2,3',4',6-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether | DTXSID90873922 | 189084-62-6 | 485 g/mol | C12H6Br4O |
| 1.0 | BDE-41 | DTXSID30879867 | 337513-68-5 | 485 g/mol | C12H6Br4O |
| 1.0 | BDE-42 | DTXSID90879868 | 446254-18-8 | 485 g/mol | C12H6Br4O |
| 1.0 | BDE-43 | DTXSID50879869 | 446254-19-9 | 485 g/mol | C12H6Br4O |
| 1.0 | BDE-45 | DTXSID20879871 | 446254-21-3 | 485 g/mol | C12H6Br4O |
| N/A | Full List of Related compounds | N/A | N/A | N/A g/mol | N/A |
| Description | Reference | Article Link |
|---|---|---|
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and these compounds have attracted much interest since the 1970s. They are added to several polymers used in electronic circuits, plastics, textiles, and other products to prevent the spread of fire. PDBEs have been used extensively as three formulations: deca-BDE, which consists of 97%-98% decabromodiphenyl ether; octa-BDE, which consists of 10%-12% hexabromodiphenyl ethers, 43%-44% heptabromodiphenyl ethers, and 31%-35% octabromodiphenyl ethers; and penta-BDE, which consists of 50%-62% pentabromodiphenyl ethers and 24%-38% tetrabromodiphenyl ethers. The global demand for PBDEs reached 200,000 tonnes in 2003, of which the deca-BDE commercial mixture accounted for 83%. | Lee and Kim., 2015. An Overview of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Marine Environment | Link |
| The widespread use of PBDEs over the past 30 years has resulted in the presence of some lower brominated congeners in the environment, for example 2,2',4,4' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 47), whereas, highly brominated congeners (e.g., deca-BDE) are usually only found near point sources. PBDEs are released into the environment from their manufacture and are used as flame retardants in a wide range of products. The EU banned the use of penta- and octa-BDE in 2004 and has also banned the use of deca-BDE in electronics. As with PCBs, there are theoretically 209 different PBDE congeners possible. PBDEs have mainly been produced as three main commercial products: pentabromodiphenyl oxide or ether (Penta-BDE), octabromodiphenyl oxide or ether (Octa-BDE), and decabromodiphenyl oxide or ether (Deca-BDE). | Berntssen et al., 2017. Chapter 20 - Chemical Contamination of Finfish With Organic Pollutants and Metals. | Link |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in a 27 variety of products since 1970s. There are primarily three technical formulations of PBDEs: PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE. PentaBDE and OctaBDE were added to Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and have been phased out worldwide. DecaBDE was just listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2017 with specific exemptions for production and use. It might bioaccumulate in wildlife and human and is the only PBDEs mixture still being used today. More than one million tons of DecaBDE was produced from 1970 to 2010 globally. The domestic consumption of DecaBDE in Japan reached a maximum of 10,000 t/yr. in 1990. Since then, it decreased due to voluntary phase down by the industry sector. DecaBDE is ubiquitous in the environment because of its widespread use and thus much concern has been raised. | Xue et al., 2017. Decabromodiphenyl Ether (DecaBDE) in Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Japan: Stock, Emission, and Substitution Evaluation | Link |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are man-made chemicals used as fire retardants and applied in polyurethane foam, electric and electronic circuitry, printed circuit boards, plastic, furniture textiles, rubber wire coating, and other materials. Three major commercial formulations have been produced in the past few decades: penta-BDE (BDE-47 and BDE-99 constituting 38.2% and 48.6%, respectively, with other tri- to hepta-BDEs), octaBDE (mainly hepta-BDE and BDE-209, with a small amount of other BDEs), and deca-BDE (91.6–96.8% BDE-209 and a small proportion of nona- and octa-BDEs). The similar molecular structure of PBDEs to other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) leads to similarities in their physico-chemical properties. These similarities result in their persistence, widespread distribution via atmospheric transport, deposition, and revolatilization (a process known as the ‘‘grasshopper effect’’), potential for bioaccumulation, toxicity in the ecosystem, and long-range transport | Cai et al., 2012. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Canada Basin | Link |
| Decabromodiphenyl ether (deca BDE) is a member of a class of brominated flame retardants that are added to plastics, textiles, and other materials to retard combustibility. When fire occurs, these polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) utilize vapor-phase chemical reactions that interfere with the combustion process, thus delaying ignition and inhibiting the spread of fire. These characteristics have promoted the widespread use of PBDEs in textiles, flexible polyurethane foams used in upholstery stuffing for furniture and car seats, electronic components, electrical components, and plastics used in the casings of televisions, personal computers, and other electronic equipment. | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA: An Exposure Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (2010)] accessed 09 October 2020 | Link |