| Compound Name |
DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) |
| Stockholm Annex code | I, IV |
| Key |
Annex I to the regulation are subject to prohibition (with specific exemptions) on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex II to the regulation are subject to restriction on manufacturing, placing on the market and use; Annex III to the regulation are subject to release reduction provisions; and Annex IV to the regulation are subject to waste management provisions. Note that for some substances listed in Annex I, specific exemptions on the prohibition of their use, manufacturing and placing on the market may apply. |
| Classification |
Intentional |
| Category |
Listed under Annex A |
| Year of Listing Decision |
2001 |
| Persistence |
Can remain in the soil for 10-15 years after application. |
| Specific exemptions associated with its use |
Production: Still being produced in India |
| Acceptable purposes associated with its use |
During the second World War it was used to protect soldiers and civilians from malaria, typhus, and other diseases spread by insects. |
| Conventions on POPs |
Stockholm Convention Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Rotterdam Convention Basel Convention |
| Name |
DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) |
| Synonyms |
Clofenotane Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Chlorophenothane DDT p,p'-DDT Benzene, 1,1'-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis[4-chloro- 4,4'-DDT Benzochloryl Chlorphenotoxum Parachlorocidum 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane |
| Structure | Cl)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)Cl.png)
Molecular Formula:
C14H9Cl5
|
| CAS Number | 50-29-3 |
| European Community (EC) Number | 200-024-3 |
| European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | 200-024-3 |
| PubChem ID | 3036 |
| DSSTOX Substance ID | DTXSID4020375 |
| KEGG | C04623 |
| ChemSpider |
2928 |
| Similarity threshold | Name of Related Compound | DSSTox Substance ID | CAS Number | Molecular weight | Molecular formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | 1-Chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]benzene | DTXSID70939196 | 17925-97-2 | 334 g/mol | C15H12Cl4 |
| 1.0 | 4,4'-DDT (ring-13C12) | DTXSID601015925 | 104215-84-1 | 366 g/mol | C2C12H9Cl5 |
| 0.97 | 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)ethane | DTXSID90186746 | 33086-18-9 | 354 g/mol | C14H9Cl5 |
| 0.94 | Benzene, 1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]- | DTXSID10484534 | 61693-88-7 | 299 g/mol | C15H13Cl3 |
| 0.94 | p,p'-DDD | DTXSID4020373 | 72-54-8 | 320 g/mol | C14H10Cl4 |
| 0.91 | 1-chloro-3-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene | DTXSID101017738 | 4 329-12-8 | 320 g/mol | C14H10Cl4 |
| 0.89 | o,p'-DDT | DTXSID6022345 | 789-02-6 | 354 g/mol | C14H9Cl5 |
| 0.89 | o,o'-DDT | DTXSID9074937 | 6734-84-5 | 354 g/mol | C14H9Cl5 |
| 0.89 | (+)-1-(o-Chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane | DTXSID50207340 | 58633-27-5 | 354 g/mol | C14H9Cl5 |
| 0.89 | (-)-1-(o-Chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane | DTXSID30872853 | 58633-26-4 | 354 g/mol | C14H9Cl5 |
| N/A | Full List | N/A | N/A | N/A g/mol | N/A |
| Description | Reference | Article Link |
|---|---|---|
| DDT is a crystalline chemical compound, which is a colorless, tasteless, hydrophobic, odorless, and low water-soluble compound but shows good solubility in organic solvents, fats, and oils. It has been widely used in World War Second to protect soldiers and civilians from typhus and malaria spread by insects. After this, DDT was continued to be used against mosquitoes to control malaria and sprayed on agricultural crops, mostly cotton. Owing to its high persistence, it can remain 50% in the soil up to 10e15 years after application. DDT residues have been found all over the place, even its residual has been found in the Arctic because of its wide applicability. DDT is readily adsorbed to soils, sediments, and can act as sinks and long-term sources of exposure. It is hydrophobic in nature; therefore in aquatic ecosystems, DDT and its constituents are absorbed by aquatic organisms. However, a little adsorbed on suspended particles send off little DDT dissolved in the water. Its breakdown metabolites such as dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) are highly persistent and have similar chemical and physical properties. DDT and its breakdown products have been transported from warmer areas to the Arctic because of global distillation and accumulate in the food web. DDT can bioaccumulate in predatory birds because of its lipophilic properties. DDT is very toxic to living organisms including marine animals such as sea shrimp, crayfish, daphnids, and many species of fish. DDT, DDE, and DDD are stored mainly in body fat and resistant to metabolism in humans. It also causes eggshell thinning in birds and a major reason for the decline of the peregrine falcon, bald eagle, brown pelican, and osprey. DDT is an endocrine disruptor and carcinogen to humans. DDE acts as a weak androgen receptor antagonist but not as an estrogen. DDT is highly carcinogenic, toxic, and hazardous but indirect exposure is relatively nontoxic for humans. Chronic exposure of DDT can affect reproductive capabilities, embryo or fetus, and breast cancer. | Thakur and Pathania. 2020. Environmental fate of organic pollutants and effect on human health. | Link |
| DDT was commercially introduced as an insecticide in the 1940s. Technical DDT contains 65%–80% p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and p,p'-DDD. The latter two compounds (along with their ortho and para analogs formed from o,p'-DDT) are the major metabolites in biota. The sum of DDT typically refers to p,p' DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, and o,p'-DDD. The main insecticidal activity can be attributed to p,p'-DDT. DDT was banned in many European countries for most uses in the 1970s–80s. Although being banned in most countries worldwide, DDT is still used for vector control especially in areas with endemic malaria, and extended use was recently recommended by WHO for indoor residual spraying to control malaria. | Berntssen et al., 2012. Contamination of finfish with persistent organic pollutants and metals | Link |
| DDT is prepared by the Bayer condensation of chlorobenzene (CA RN 108-90-7) with trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral CA RN 75-87-6) in oleum (fuming sulfuric acid, CA RN 8014-95-7), and the reaction is carried out with an excess of chlorobenzene (recommended molar ratio 3:1). In the exothermic reaction, oleum is added to the mixture of chlorobenzene and trichloroacetaldehyde under cooling, to maintain the temperature below 30 °C. Approximately 4 moles of oleum are added over 4–7 h, and the mixture is agitated for another 0.5–4 h. Crude DDT is filtered off, washed with alkali, and dried. Technical DDT contains about 85% of p,p -DDT, 15% of o,p -DDT, and traces of o,o -DDT and other compounds, including three isomeric tris(chlorophenyl)methanes (TCPM), recently detected in the environment, together with their oxidation product, tris(chlorophenyl)methanol. Some of the minor impurities, as well as o,p -DDT, are chiral and are present as racemates | Zitko. 2002. Chlorinated Pesticides: Aldrin, DDT, Endrin, Dieldrin, Mirex. | Link |
| Agrarian activities in the 1960s frequently employed dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) as a highly effective pesticide until worldwide bans on manufacture and utilisation were instigated in the 1970s. Furthermore, DDT has been widely utilised in the treatment of encephalitis and for the suppression of malaria. Consequently, DDT and its related compounds dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), are globally distributed and the substances are frequently detected as contaminants of the aquatic environment, even in isolated regions and areas considered to be pristine. DDT tends to result in thinning of the egg shells of birds and long-term human exposure has been associated with chronic health effects | Crawford and Quinn. 2017. 6 - The interactions of microplastics and chemical pollutants. | Link |
| 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) is an organochlorine pesticide that has been used extensively since the 1940s for the control of agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases like malaria and typhus1. DDT is toxic and recalcitrant to degradation with the half-life of 4–30 years. More seriously, its major metabolites 1,1-dichloro 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethylene (DDE) are more toxic and recalcitrant than the parent compound Although DDT was officially banned for use in China for over 30 years because of its high toxicity, long persistence, and high bioaccumulation, DDT isomers and their major metabolites can still be frequently detected in soils, sediments, surface water, and groundwater in recent years. As priority persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the exposure to DDT can cause a wide range of acute and chronic effects including carcinogenesis, estrogenic action, and endocrine disruption, posing a serious risk to environmental and human health. As a result, there is an increasing concern on environmental DDT contamination and an increasing interest in DDT remediation. | Pan et al., 2013. | Link |
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine. Originally developed as an insecticide, it became infamous for its environmental impacts. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler. DDT's insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939. DDT was used in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods | Wikipedia. Accessed 13 October 2020 | Link |